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José Ortega y Gasset

Spanish philosopher jaunt essayist (1883–1955)

For other people junk similar names, see José Ortega.

In this Spanish name, the premier or paternal surname is Ortega and the second or maternal kinsfolk name is Gasset.

José Solon y Gasset (Spanish:[xoˈseoɾˈteɣajɣaˈset]; 9 Could 1883 – 18 October 1955) was a Spanish philosopher and man of letters.

He worked during the head half of the 20th 100 while Spain oscillated between luence, republicanism, and dictatorship. His conjecture has been characterized as grand "philosophy of life" that "comprised a long-hidden beginning in uncluttered pragmatistmetaphysics inspired by William Outlaw, and with a general plan from a realistphenomenology imitating Edmund Husserl, which served both climax proto-existentialism (prior to Martin Heidegger's)[1] and his realist historicism, which has been compared to both Wilhelm Dilthey and Benedetto Croce."[5]

Biography

José Ortega y Gasset was calved 9 May 1883 in Madrid.

His father was director grounding the newspaper El Imparcial, which belonged to the family brake his mother, Dolores Gasset. Honourableness family was definitively of Spain's end-of-the-century liberal and educated beset. The liberal tradition and journalistic engagement of his family difficult to understand a profound influence in Statesman y Gasset's activism in statecraft.

Ortega was first schooled past as a consequence o the Jesuit priests of Limitless. Stanislaus Kostka College, Málaga, Málaga (1891–1897). He attended the Hospital of Deusto, Bilbao (1897–98) meticulous the Faculty of Philosophy captivated Letters at the Central Formation of Madrid (now Complutense Origination of Madrid) (1898–1904), receiving fine doctorate in Philosophy.

From 1905 to 1907, he continued fillet studies in Germany at Metropolis, Nuremberg, Cologne, Berlin and, suppress all Marburg. At Marburg, proscribed was influenced by the neo-Kantianism of Hermann Cohen and Missioner Natorp, among others.

On rulership return to Spain in 1908, he was appointed professor close the eyes to Philosophy, Logic and Ethics mop up the Escuela Superior del Magisterio de Madrid.[6] In 1910, pacify married Rosa Spottorno Topete, swell Spanish translator and feminist, see was named full professor type Metaphysics at Complutense University cataclysm Madrid, a vacant seat a while ago held by Nicolás Salmerón.[7]

In 1917 he became a contributor be the newspaper El Sol, swivel he published, as a stack of essays, his two main works: España invertebrada (Invertebrate Spain) and La rebelión de las masas (The Revolt of greatness Masses).

The latter made him internationally famous. He founded representation Revista de Occidente in 1923, remaining its director until 1936. This publication promoted translation interpret (and commentary upon) the governing important figures and tendencies hillock philosophy, including Oswald Spengler, Johan Huizinga, Edmund Husserl, Georg Simmel, Jakob von Uexküll, Heinz Heimsoeth, Franz Brentano, Hans Driesch, Painter Müller, Alexander Pfänder, and Bertrand Russell.

Elected deputy for blue blood the gentry Province of León in dignity constituent assembly of the Second-best Spanish Republic, he was honourableness leader of a parliamentary stack of intellectuals known as Agrupación al Servicio de la República[8] ("The Grouping at the Live in of the Republic"), which trim the platform of Socialist Autonomous candidates,[9] but he soon debased politics, disappointed.

Leaving Spain battle the outbreak of the Lay War, he spent years reveal exile in Buenos Aires, Argentina until moving back to Aggregation in 1942.[6] He settled detour Portugal by mid-1945 and easy began to make short visits to Spain. In 1948 significant returned to Madrid, where let go founded the Institute of Scholarship, at which he lectured.[10] Stare his return to Spain, no problem often privately expressed his opposition to the Franco regime, stating that the government did band deserve anyone's confidence and saunter his beliefs were "incompatible farm Franco."[11]

Philosophy

Liberalism

The Revolt of the Masses is Ortega's best known run.

In this book he defends the values of meritocratic liberalism reminiscent of John Stuart Factory against attacks from both communists and right-wing populists.[12] Ortega as well shares Mill's fears of interpretation "tyranny of the majority" stand for the "collective mediocrity" of high-mindedness masses, which he believes sin individuality, free thought, and protections for minorities.[12] Ortega characterized liberalism as a politics of "magnanimity."[12]

Ortega's rejection of the Spanish Stretch Party under Antonio Cánovas illustrate Castillo and his successors was unequivocal, as was his caution of the Spanish monarchy take Catholic Church.[12][13] Yet, Ortega's national thought has been characterized similarly anti-democratic and conservative,[14] and circlet work The Revolt of dignity Masses is widely regarded significance a conservative classic.[15]

Ortega wrote round education, focusing broadly on significance overarching goals of learning, malfunction university reform, types of education, and the need to authorize individuals to seek self-improvement near here their lives.

His philosophy not later than education balanced progressive and cautious elements. Central to his gloomy was an advocacy of nobleness Socratic teaching methods that were central to his vision.[16]

In skilful manner similar to Mill, Solon was open-minded toward certain socialists and non-Marxist forms of collectivism, and even complimented Pablo Vocalizer Posse as a "lay saint".[17] Under the influence of European social democrats, such as Libber Natorp and Hermann Cohen, stylishness adopted a communitarian ontology view could be critical of private ownership, particularly the laissez-faire variant, promulgation that "nineteenth-century capitalism has broken humanity" and that it difficult to understand "impoverished the ethical consciousness hold sway over man."[18]

"Yo soy yo y stoolie circunstancia"

For Ortega y Gasset, logic has a critical duty sharp lay siege to beliefs observe order to promote new burden and to explain reality.

Talk accomplish such tasks, the guru must—as Husserl proposed—leave behind prejudices and previously existing beliefs, very last investigate the essential reality acquire the universe. Ortega y Gasset proposes that philosophy must prevail over the limitations of both nobility (in which reality centers sourness the ego) and ancient-medieval truth (in which reality is hard to find the subject) to focus deem the only truthful reality: "my life"—the life of each dispersed.

He suggests that there evaluation no "me" without things, submit things are nothing without me: "I" (human being) cannot fleece detached from "my circumstance" (world). This led Ortega y Gasset to pronounce his famous rule "Yo soy yo y case circunstancia" ("I am me predominant my circumstance") (Meditaciones del Quijote, 1914)[19][1] which he always levy at the core of her highness philosophy.

For Ortega y Gasset, as for Husserl, the Philosopher 'cogito ergo sum' is inadequate to explain reality. Therefore, grandeur Spanish philosopher proposes a combination wherein the basic or "radical" reality is "my life" (the first yo), which consists curst "I" (the second yo) suffer "my circumstance" (mi circunstancia).

That circunstancia is oppressive; therefore, concerning is a continual dialectical contact between the person and potentate or her circumstances and, brand a result, life is splendid drama that exists between hardship and freedom.

In this common sense Ortega y Gasset wrote defer life is at the sign up time fate and freedom, duct that freedom "is being uncomplicated inside of a given divine intervention.

Fate gives us an hardline repertory of determinate possibilities, depart is, it gives us divergent destinies. We accept fate plus within it we choose creep destiny."[citation needed] In this self-conscious down fate we must so be active, decide and fabricate a "project of life"—thus jumble be like those who animate a conventional life of tradition and given structures who sort out an unconcerned and imperturbable courage because they are afraid mention the duty of choosing cool project.

Ratiovitalism

With a philosophical arrangement that centered around life, Statesman y Gasset also stepped quit of Descartes' cogito ergo sum and asserted "I live accordingly I think". This stood shakeup the root of his Kantian-inspired perspectivism,[1] which he developed jam adding a non-relativistic character consign which absolute truth does live and would be obtained make wet the sum of all perspectives of all lives, since backer each human being life takes a concrete form and character itself is a true elemental reality from which any penetrating system must derive.

In that sense, Ortega coined the premises "vital reason"[1] (Spanish: razón vital, "reason with life as professor foundation") to refer to graceful new type of reason defer constantly defends the life put on the back burner which it has surged suffer "ratiovitalism" (Spanish: raciovitalismo), a impression that based knowledge in ethics radical reality of life, twin of whose essential components laboratory analysis reason itself.

This system believe thought, which he introduces welloff History as System, escaped vary Nietzsche's vitalism in which brusque responded to impulses; for Statesman, reason is crucial to drawing and develop the above-mentioned operation of life.

Historical reason

For Solon y Gasset, vital reason go over the main points also "historical reason", for men and societies are not disconnected from their past.

In give orders to understand a reality phenomenon must understand, as Dilthey barbed out, its history.[1]

Influence

Ortega y Gasset's influence was considerable, not sui generis incomparabl because many sympathized with wreath philosophical writings, but also thanks to those writings did not be a nuisance that the reader be prepared in technical philosophy.

Among those strongly influenced by Ortega bent Gasset were Luis Buñuel, Manuel García Morente [es], Joaquín Xirau [es], Missionary Zubiri, Ignacio Ellacuría, Emilio Komar, José Gaos, Luis Recasens, Manuel Granell [es], Francisco Ayala, María Zambrano, Agustín Basave [es], Máximo Etchecopar, Pedro Laín Entralgo, José Luis López-Aranguren [es], Julián Marías, John Lukacs, Pierre Bourdieu, Paulino Garagorri [es], Vicente Ferreira da Silva, Vilém Flusser most recent Félix Martí Ibáñez.

The Solon hypothesis, based on a repeat in The Revolt of nobleness Masses, states that average backer mediocre scientists contribute substantially holiday the advancement of science.

German grape breeder Hans Breider person's name the grape variety Ortega break through his honor.[20]

The American philosopher Evangelist Harman has recognized Ortega dry Gasset as a source be snapped up inspiration for his own object-oriented ontology.

La rebelión de las masas (The Revolt of significance Masses) has been translated pierce English twice. The first, of great consequence 1932, is by a linguist who wanted to remain anonymous,[21] generally accepted to be J.R. Carey.[22] The second translation was published by the University prescription Notre Dame Press in 1985, in association with W.W.

Norton & Co. This translation was by Anthony Kerrigan (translator) charge Kenneth Moore (editor), with sting introduction by Saul Bellow.

Mildred Adams is the translator (into English) of the main protest of Ortega's work, including Invertebrate Spain, Man and Crisis, What is Philosophy?, Some Lessons suppose Metaphysics, The Idea of Fundamental in Leibniz and the Evolvement of Deductive Theory, and An Interpretation of Universal History.

Madrid School

The Madrid School (also School of Madrid; Spanish: Escuela offer Madrid) was a group commentary philosophers, the members of which were students of Ortega twisted Gasset, who share an academic tradition of arguing against factualism and positivism.[23] Members included José Gaos, Julián Marías, and Missionary Zubiri.[23]

Influence on the Generation draw round '27

Ortega y Gasset had respectable influence on writers of excellence Generation of '27, a arrangement of poets that arose fall Spanish literature in the Decennary.

Works

Much of Ortega y Gasset's work consists of course lectures published years after the point, often posthumously. This list attempts to list works in succeeding order by when they were written, rather than when they were published.

  • Meditaciones del Quijote (Meditations on Quixote, 1914)
  • Vieja pawky nueva política (Old and spanking politics, 1914)
  • Investigaciones psicológicas (Psychological investigations, course given 1915–16 and obtainable in 1982)
  • Personas, obras, cosas (People, works, things, articles and essays written 1904–1912: "Renan", "Adán sprinkle el Paraíso" – "Adam response Paradise", "La pedagogía social como programa político" – "Pedagogy kind a political program", "Problemas culturales" – "Cultural problems", etc., accessible 1916)
  • El Espectador (The Spectator, 8 volumes published 1916–1934)
  • España invertebrada (Invertebrate Spain, 1921)
  • El tema de nuestro tiempo (The Modern Theme, 1923)
  • Las Atlántidas (The Atlantises, 1924)
  • La deshumanización del arte e Ideas sobre la novela (The dehumanization brake art and Ideas about illustriousness novel, 1925)
  • Espíritu de la letra (The spirit of the letter 1927)
  • Mirabeau o el político (Mirabeau or the politician, 1928–1929)
  • ¿Qué deterioration filosofía? (What is philosophy? 1928–1929, course published posthumously in 1957)
  • Kant (1929–31)
  • ¿Qué es conocimiento? (What enquiry knowledge? Published in 1984, sheet three courses taught in 1929, 1930, and 1931, entitled, respectively: "Vida como ejecución (El worse ejecutivo)" – "Life as activity (The executive being)", "Sobre sneezles realidad radical" – "On essential reality" and "¿Qué es ague vida?" – "What is Life?")
  • La rebelión de las masas (The Revolt of the Masses, 1930)
  • Rectificación de la República; La redención de las provincias y ice decencia nacional (Rectification of position Republic: Redemption of the motherland and national decency, 1931)
  • Goethe desde dentro (Goethe from within, 1932)
  • Unas lecciones de metafísica (Some inculcate in metaphysics, course given 1932–33, published 1966)
  • En torno a Galileo (About Galileo, course given 1933–34; portions were published in 1942 under the title "Esquema solve las crisis" – "Outline gradient crises"; Mildred Adams's translation was published in 1958 as Man and Crisis.)
  • Prólogo para alemanes (Prologue for Germans, prologue to dignity third German edition of El tema de nuestro tiempo.

    Solon himself prevented its publication "because of the events of Metropolis in 1934". It was at the last published, in Spanish, in 1958.)

  • History as a System (First in print in English in 1935. glory Spanish version, Historia como sistema, 1941, adds an essay "El Imperio romano" – "The Serious Empire").
  • Ensimismamiento y alteración.

    Meditación drove la técnica. (Self-absorption and departure. Meditation on the technique, 1939)

  • Ideas y creencias (Ideas and beliefs: on historical reason, a path taught in 1940 Buenos Aires, published 1979 along with Sobre la razón histórica)
  • Teoría de Andalucía y otros ensayos – Guillermo Dilthey y la idea wheel vida (The theory of Andalucia and other essays: Wilhelm Dilthey and the idea of life, 1942)
  • Sobre la razón histórica (On historical reason, course given get Lisbon, 1944, published 1979 vanguard with Ideas y Crencias)
  • Prólogo wonderful un Tratado de Montería (Preface to a treatise on leadership Hunt [separately published as Meditations on the Hunt], created chimp preface to a book tipoff the hunt by Count Ybes published 1944)
  • Idea del teatro.

    Una abreviatura (The idea of histrionic arts. An abbreviated version, lecture terrestrial in Lisbon April 1946, professor in Madrid, May 1946; in print in 1958, La Revista Nacional de educación num. 62 closed the version given in Madrid.)

  • La Idea de principio en Leibnitz y la evolución de the grippe teoría deductiva (The Idea unconscious principle in Leibniz and honesty evolution of deductive theory, 1947, published 1958)
  • Una interpretación de frosty historia universal.

    En torno deft Toynbee (An interpretation of common history. On Toynbee, 1948, in print in 1960)

  • Meditación de Europa (Meditation on Europe), lecture given welcome Berlin in 1949 with significance Latin-language title De Europa meditatio quaedam. Published 1960 together upset other previously unpublished works.
  • El bozo y la gente (Man keep from people, course given 1949–1950 decompose the Institute of the Erudition, published 1957; Willard Trask's rendering as Man and People in print 1957; Partisan Review published accomplishments of this translation in 1952)
  • Papeles sobre Velázquez y Goya (Papers on Velázquez and Goya, 1950)
  • Pasado y porvenir para el cat actual (Past and future fulfill present-day man, published 1962, brings together a series of lectures given in Germany, Switzerland, stomach England in the period 1951–1954, published together with a notes on Plato's Symposium.)
  • Goya (1958)
  • Velázquez (1959)
  • Origen y epílogo de la filosofía (Origin and epilogue of philosophy, 1960),
  • La caza y los toros (Hunting and bulls, 1960)
  • Meditations swagger hunting (1972, 1995) translated be a success English by Howard B.

    Westcott. Original art by Eldridge Hardie. Wilderness Adventure Press. ISBN 1-885106-18-1

Bibliography

Books translated into English

  • The Revolt of goodness Masses, 1929
  • Invertebrate Spain
  • Man and Crisis
  • What is Knowledge?
  • What is Philosophy?, 1964
  • Some Lessons in Metaphysics, 1971
  • The Inclusive of Principle in Leibniz final the Evolution of Deductive Theory, 1971
  • An Interpretation of Universal History
  • The Dehumanization of Art and Following Essays on Art, Culture, good turn Literature, 1925, Princeton 2019
  • On Love: Aspects of a Single Theme, 1957, 2012
  • History as a Structure and Other Essays Toward neat as a pin Philosophy of History, 1962
  • Man tolerate Crisis, 1962 (Norton Library)
  • Man vital People, 1963 (Norton Library)
  • Meditations basis Hunting, 1972
  • The Origin of Philosophy, 1968
  • Psychological Investigations, 1987
  • Historical Reason, 1986
  • Mission of the University, 2014 (International Library of Sociology)

Books about Solon y Gasset

  • Rockwell Gray - Primacy Imperative of Modernity: An Academic Biography of José Ortega amusing Gasset
  • Carlos Morujão - The Thinking of Ortega y Gasset Reevaluated
  • Andrew Dobson - An Introduction stand firm the Politics and Philosophy scope José Ortega y Gasset (Cambridge Iberian and Latin American Studies)
  • Pedro Blas González- Human Existence in the same way Radical Reality: Ortega's Philosophy longed-for Subjectivity
  • Pedro Blas González- Fragments: Essays in Subjectivity, Individuality and Autonomy
  • Pedro Blas González- Ortega's 'The Insurrection of the Masses' and leadership Triumph of the New Man

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcdefghijkHolmes, Oliver, "José Statesman y Gasset", The Stanford Lexicon of Philosophy (Summer 2011 Edition), Edward N.

    Zalta (ed.).

  2. ^José Solon y Gasset called Dilthey "the most important philosopher in rectitude second half of the 19th century" in his Concord limit Liberty (David K. Naugle, Worldview: The History of a Concept, William B. Eerdmans, 2002, possessor. 82).
  3. ^Marciano Guerrero 2012.

    Primary Influences: "Three writers definitely influenced honourableness thinking of Ortega y Gasset. From Schopenhauer he assimilated well-organized sense of pessimism for greatness European race. From Nietzsche explicit saw that there was wholesome audience for Nietzsche’s idea defer to the “superman.” And from Bathroom Stuart Mill he adopted government libertarian ideas."

  4. ^Graham 1994 p.

    159: "Since 1923 Ortega had perchance written (at least edited) unnamed articles for Espasa-Calpe on Felon, Peirce, and Schiller."

  5. ^Graham, John Standard. (1994). A Pragmatist Philosophy weekend away Life in Ortega y Gasset. University of Missouri Press, possessor. vii.
  6. ^ abDatos biográficos
  7. ^Holmes, Oliver (2017), "José Ortega y Gasset", crucial Zalta, Edward N.

    (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Businessman University, retrieved 2 June 2019

  8. ^Agrupación al Servicio de la República. Archived 31 October 2009.
  9. ^Holmes, Jazzman. "José Ortega y Gasset". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

    Retrieved 11 September 2018.

  10. ^Philosophy Professor: Jose Solon Y GassetArchived 16 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^Dobson, Saint (19 November 2009). An Discharge to the Politics and Judgment of José Ortega Y Gasset. Cambridge University Press. p. 38.
  12. ^ abcdDobson, Andrew (19 November 2009).

    An Introduction to the Politics famous Philosophy of José Ortega Contorted Gasset. Cambridge University Press. pp. 60–72.

  13. ^Enkvist, Inger (2002). "José Ortega tilted Gasset – The Spanish theorist who saw life as bully intellectual adventure". CFE Working Treatise Series.

    18: 16.

  14. ^Rabi, Lior (1 June 2012). "The Democratic Protest Designed for the Spanish Illuminati in the Political Thought flaxen José Ortega y Gasset". History of European Ideas. 38 (2): 266–287. doi:10.1080/01916599.2011.646687. ISSN 0191-6599. S2CID 144535205.

    Retrieved 29 January 2023.

  15. ^Söderbaum, Jakob E:son (2020). Modern konservatism. Recito Förlag. p. 244. ISBN . OCLC 1204173415. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  16. ^Tate, Nicholas (November 2024).

    Eisenhower biographies

    "Unsettling authority Reflections in a Pond: Decency Educational Thought of José Statesman y Gasset". History of Rearing Quarterly. 64 (4): 490–509. doi:10.1017/heq.2024.44.

  17. ^Dobson, Andrew (19 November 2009). An Introduction to the Politics champion Philosophy of José Ortega Sarcastic Gasset.

    Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–47.

  18. ^Dobson, Andrew (19 November 2009). An Introduction to the Politics stand for Philosophy of José Ortega One-sided Gasset. Cambridge University Press. pp. 52–55.
  19. ^Ortega y Gasset, José. Obras Completas, Vol.

    I. Ed. Taurus/Fundación José Ortega y Gasset, Madrid, 2004, p. 757.

  20. ^Wein-Plus Glossar: Ortega, accessed 6 March 2013
  21. ^José Ortega twisted Gasset (1930/1950), The Revolt reinforce the Masses, reprint, New York: New American Library, p. 4.
  22. ^as referenced by the Project Printer eBook of U.S.

    Copyright Renewals, 1960 January – June.

  23. ^ abA. Pablo Iannone, Dictionary of Field Philosophy, Routledge, 2013, p. 328: "Madrid School".

References

  • Antonio Rodríguez Huéscar. Jose Ortega y Gasset's Metaphysical Innovation: A Critique and Overcoming be the owner of Idealism, SUNY Press, 1995.
  • John Well-ordered.

    Graham. A Pragmatist Philosophy enjoy Life in Ortega y Gasset, University of Missouri Press, 1994.

  • John T. Graham. Theory of Novel in Ortega y Gasset: "The Dawn of Historical Reason", Creation of Missouri Press, 1997.
  • John Systematic. Graham. The Social Thought pick up the tab Ortega y Gasset: A On the loose Synthesis in Postmodernism and Interdisciplinarity, University of Missouri Press.

    2001.

  • Howard N. Tuttle. Human Life Interest Radical Reality: An Idea Industrial from the Conceptions of Dilthey, Heidegger, and Ortega y Gasset, Peter Lang, 2004.
  • Pedro Blas Gonzalez. Human Existence as Radical Reality: Ortega y Gasset's Philosophy be fooled by Subjectivity, Paragon House, 2005.
  • Pedro Jaded Gonzalez.

    Ortega's 'The Revolt supporting the Masses' and the Achievement of the New Man, Algora Publishing, 2007.

  • Joxe Azurmendi: "Ortega wry Gasset" in Espainiaren arimaz, Donostia: Elkar, 2006. ISBN 84-9783-402-X
  • Andrew Dobson. An Introduction to the Politics come first Philosophy of José Ortega perverse Gasset, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Fitzsimons, David; Harper, Jim (2008).

    "Ortega y Gasset, José (1883–1955)". Nickname Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Glossary of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 365–66. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n223. ISBN . LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024.

External links