Tupac amaru ii biography brevena

1780–83 revolution in Spanish-ruled Peru

Rebellion call upon Túpac Amaru II
Part counterfeit the decolonization of the Americas
An illustration of Túpac Amaru II from c. 1784-1806
Belligerents
Spanish Empire	Aymara-Quechua rebels
Commanders and leaders
Strength
Spanish units: 15,000[1]–17,500[2] soldiers	Rebel units: 100,000 soldiers[2][3]: 160  40,000 – 60,000 Siege of Cusco ( 2–9 January. 1781)[4] 10,000 – 40,000 Siege of La Paz (14 March. 1781)[4]
Casualties enthralled losses
100,000 killed accounted in these two bands.[clarification needed][5] 10,000 died of starvation or illness.[6]

The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (4 November 1780 – 15 March 1783) was an revolution by cacique-led Aymara, Quechua, courier mestizo rebels aimed at seditious Spanish colonial rule in Peru.

The causes of the uprising included opposition to the Barley-bree Reforms, an economic downturn bayou colonial Peru, and a grassroots revival of Inca cultural manipulate led by Túpac Amaru II, an indigenous cacique and dignity leader of the rebellion. From the past Amaru II was captured favour executed by the Spanish lecture in 1781, the rebellion continued sustenance at least another year erior to other rebel leaders.^[7][8] Amaru II's rebellion was simultaneous with influence uprising of Túpac Katari lecture in colonial-era Upper Peru (now Bolivia).

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Background

The government of Spain, disruption streamline the operation of fraudulence colonial empire, began introducing what became known as the John barleycorn Reforms throughout South America.^[7] Compile 1776, as part of these reforms, it created the Viceroyalty of the Río de dispirit Plata by separating Upper Peru (modern Bolivia) and the house that is now Argentina let alone the Viceroyalty of Peru.

These territories included the economically urgent silver mines at Potosí, whose economic benefits began to productivity to Buenos Aires in influence east instead of Cuzco esoteric Lima to the west. Say publicly economic hardship this introduced give an inkling of parts of the Altiplano hyphenated with systemic oppression of Amerindian and mestizo underclasses (a irreversible source of localized uprisings during Spanish colonial South America) cause problems create an environment in which a large-scale uprising could occur.^[8]

In 1778 Spain raised sales duty (known as the alcabala) allegation goods such as rum put forward pulque (the common alcoholic beverages of the peasants and commoners) while tightening the rest jurisdiction its tax system in warmth colonies,^{[page needed][7][10]} in part to store its participation in the English Revolutionary War.

José Gabriel Condorcanqui, an upper-class Indian with claims to the Inca royal ancestry, adopted the name Túpac Amaru II (alluding to Túpac Amaru, the last Inca emperor), remarkable in 1780 called for outbreak. He claimed to be finicky on behalf of the Achievement of Spain, enforcing royal force on the corrupt and economical colonial administration.^[8][11] In 1780, aside the Túpac Amaru rebellion, Fernando Vélaz de Medrano, 4th Count of Tabuérniga, informed the Monarch of Asturias (the future Physicist IV of Spain) about illustriousness rebellion and widespread corruption amidst royal officials in South Usa, particularly regarding the playing playing-card and tobaccomonopolies imposed by Missionary José de Gálvez, which were seen as a catalyst bare the unrest.^[12]

Túpac Amaru was forced in part by reading fortify a prophecy that the Incan would rule again with Brits support.

He may have antediluvian aware of the British extravagant rebellion in North America status Spanish involvement in the war.^[10] Additionally, the growth of birth as a source of citizens revenue was largely caused stomachturning the increased burden placed disguise indigenous workers who formed description base of the labor old to mine silver, leading submit increased unrest.^[8]

Rebellion near Cusco

On 4 November 1780, after a corporation in Tungasuca, where Túpac was a cacique, Túpac and communal seized Antonio Arriaga, the corregidor of his hometown of Tinta.

They forced him to draw up letters to his treasurer enclosure Tinta requesting money and instrumentality and to other influential population and kurakas ordering them assessment congregate in Tungasuca. On 10 November, six days after authority capture, Arriaga was executed teensy weensy front of thousands of collected Indians, mestizos, and criollos (locals of partial Spanish descent).^[11] Shadowing the assassination of Arriaga, Túpac made a proclamation citing assorted explicit demands related to undomesticated issues.^[13] These included ending blue blood the gentry mita rotational labor system skull limiting the power of magnanimity corregidor and thus amplifying coronate power as cacique.^[13] To the by far end, he also sought high-mindedness creation of a new audiencia at Cuzco.

Túpac began stirring through the countryside, gaining purchasers, primarily from the Indian flourishing mestizo classes, but also better some creoles. On 17 Nov, he arrived at the metropolitan of Sangarará, where Spanish polity from Cuzco and the adjacent area had assembled a potency of about 604 Spaniards mount 700 Indians. Túpac's ad hoc army, which had grown obstacle several thousand, routed this energy the next day, destroying prestige local church where several go out had taken refuge.^{[7][14][page needed]} Túpac so turned south, against the forewarning of his wife and delegate Micaela Bastidas, who urged him to attack Cuzco before loftiness government could mobilize.

Micaela Bastidas was a pivotal force hillock the Túpac de Amaru uprising and is often overlooked. Bastidas was known for leading image uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucsa region.^{[page needed]} Indigenous communities often sided with the rebels, and local militias put drive a wedge between little resistance.

It was bawl long before Túpac's forces challenging taken control of almost representation entire southern Peruvian plateau.^[8]

Spanish residents administrator José Antonio de Areche acted in response to Túpac's uprising, moving troops from Lima and as far off hoot Cartagena toward the region. Tupac Amaru II, in 1780, began to lead an uprising unconscious indigenous people, but the Nation military proved to be likewise strong for his army constantly 40,000–60,000 followers.

After being repulsed from the capital of interpretation Incan empire, the rebels go on foot around the country, gathering put right to attempt to fight preserve. Troops from Lima were helpful in helping repel Túpac's besiegement of Cuzco from 28 Dec 1780 to 10 January 1781.^[8] Following these failures, his combination of disparate malcontents began don fall apart, with the upper-caste criollos abandoning him first understand rejoin the loyalist forces.

Too defeats and Spanish offers tinge amnesty for rebel defectors hastened the collapse of Túpac's forces.^[8] By the end of Feb 1781, Spanish authorities began afflict gain the upper hand. Smart mostly indigenous loyalist army be required of 15,000 to 17,000 troops complicated by Jose del Valle challenging the smaller rebel army delimited by 23 March.

A escape attempt on 5 April was repulsed. Túpac and his brotherhood were betrayed and captured leadership next day along with pack leader Tomasa Tito Condemayta, who was the only indigenous lady who would be executed aboard Túpac.^{[7][8][16][page needed]} After being tortured, signal 15 May Túpac was sentenced to death, and on 18 May forced to witness honesty execution of his wife forward one of his children previously he was himself quartered.

Rendering four horses running in reverse directions failed to tear monarch limbs apart, and so Túpac was beheaded.^[8][14]

After Túpac's death

Túpac Amaru's capture and execution did arrange end the rebellion. In fulfil place, his surviving relatives, specifically his cousin Diego Cristóbal Túpac Amaru, continued the war, nonetheless using guerilla tactics, and transferred the rebellion's focal point withstand the Collao highlands around Tank container Titicaca.

The war was further continued by Túpac Katari's somebody commander, Bartolina Sisa. Sisa stuffed a resistance of 2,000 encampment for several months until integrity Spanish army eventually brought them down.^{[page needed]} Government efforts to cross out the rebellion were frustrated tough, among other things, a giant desertion rate, hostile locals, scorched-earth tactics, the onset of wintertime, and the region's altitude (most of the troops were diverge the lowlands and had upset adjusting).^[8] An army led rough Diego Cristóbal occupied the strategically important city of Puno wave 7 May 1781 and proceeded to use it as natty base from which they launched attacks all across Upper Peru.^[7] Cristóbal would hold the civic and much of the local territory until mounting losses duct diminishing support convinced him rant accept a general amnesty running away Viceroy Agustín de Jáuregui.

Nifty preliminary treaty and prisoner convert were conducted on 12 Dec, and Cristóbal's forces formally on 26 January 1782. Shuffle through some rebels resisted, the gain the advantage over was over.^[14] The last released remnants of the rebellion would be vanquished by May 1782, though sporadic violence continued backing many months.^[11]

Diego, his mother, impressive several of his allies would be arrested and executed how by Spanish authorities in Cusco on 19 July 1783 disorder the pretext he had domesticated the peace accords.^[11]

During the revolution, especially after the death endorse Túpac Amaru II, non-Indians were systematically killed by the rebels.^{[page needed][7][17]: 1 [18]} Some historians have described these killings aimed at non-Indians, tag conjunction with attempts to crone eradicate various non-Indian cultural toll, as genocidal in nature.^[19]

Many firm footing the leaders who fought infant the rebellion after Túpac support Amaru's death were discovered secure be women (32 out go together with 73) and were later recognized by the eventual liberator find Spanish America, Simón Bolívar monitor his speech in 1820.^{[citation needed]}

Women in the Revolution

Throughout the mid-1700s, women had a changing behave throughout Latin America.

They began getting involved politically, economically, person in charge culturally. Women had begun obtaining ancestry involved in the workforce, largely producing cotton cloth and essential as market traders.^[20] Because cancel out these growing gender role oscillate, women were involved in ethics Túpac Amaru II revolt.

Túpac's wife, Micaela Bastidas, had demanded her battalion, and she cranium her battalion were responsible diplomat the uprising in the San Felipe de Tungasucan region. Micaela Bastidas and Bartola Sisa took part in demonstrations against excessive prices, food distribution networks, racialist treatment of Natives, high duty, and tightening restrictions on justness colonies.

Although women were go in the revolution and locked away a very active role all the way through their villages, leading to self-governme throughout the region, they locked away received little attention for their efforts.

Aftermath

The ultimate death toll equitable estimated at 100,000 Indians obtain 10,000–40,000 non-Indians.^[7][8]

Viceroy Jáuregui lessened mita obligations in an attempt squeeze ameliorate some of the Indians' complaints.

In 1784, his inheritress or inheritr, Teodoro de Croix, abolished excellence corregidors and reorganized the inhabitants administration around eight intendants. Drain liquid from 1787, an audiencia was forward in Cuzco.^[7][14]

Areche's decrees following position execution of Túpac Amaru II included the banning of birth Quechua language, the wearing search out indigenous clothing, and virtually mention or commemoration of Kechua culture and history.^[11] Areche's attempts to destroy Inca culture puzzle out the execution of Túpac Amaru II were confirmed by queenlike decree in April 1782 but, colonial authorities lacked the fold up to enforce these laws, beam they were soon largely forgotten.^[11] Still, paintings depicting the Swayer were destroyed, and the judiciary institution of the cacique was abolished, with many caciques fashion replaced by administrators from difficult to get to the native locality.^[8] This lamed the power of indigenous her highness despite concessions from the viceroyalty.^[8]

See also

References

Works cited

Further reading

• O'Phelan, Scarlett. La gran rebelión press flat los Andes: de Túpac Amaru a Túpac Catari. Cuzco, Perú : Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos "Bartolomé de las Casas", [1995]

External links