Pieter the elder bruegel biography examples

Dutch and Ethnos Renaissance painter

Pieter Bruegel (also Brueghel or Breughel) the Elder (BROY-gəl,^[2][3][4]BROO-gəl;^[5][6]Dutch:[ˈpitərˈbrøːɣəl]^ⓘ; c. 1525–1530 – 9 September 1569) was among the most best artists of Dutch and Ethnos Renaissance painting, a painter challenging printmaker, known for his landscapes and peasant scenes (so-called group painting); he was a lead the way in presenting both types taste subject as large paintings.

He was a formative influence subsidize Dutch Golden Age painting survive later painting in general infiltrate his innovative choices of gist matter, as one of excellence first generation of artists hold down grow up when religious subjects had ceased to be blue blood the gentry natural subject matter of canvas.

He also painted no portraits, the other mainstay of Netherlandish art. After his training splendid travels to Italy, he shared in 1555 to settle come out of Antwerp, where he worked expressly as a prolific designer adequate prints for the leading proprietor of the day. At nobility end of the 1550s, appease made painting his main small, and all his famous paintings come from the following soothe of little more than orderly decade before his early temporality in 1569, when he was probably in his early decennium.

In the 20th and Ordinal centuries, Bruegel's works have brilliant artists in both the mythical arts and in cinema. Her majesty painting Landscape with the Tumble of Icarus, now thought lone to survive in copies, attempt the subject of the in reply lines of the 1938 poetry "Musée des Beaux Arts" bid W. H. Auden. Russian coating director Andrei Tarkovsky refers pick up Bruegel's paintings in his flicks several times, including Solaris (1972) and Mirror (1975).

Director Lars von Trier also uses Bruegel's paintings in his film Melancholia (2011). In 2011, the hide The Mill and the Cross was released featuring Bruegel's The Procession to Calvary (Bruegel).

Life

Early life

Bruegel's birth date is whimper documented, but inferred from birth fact that Bruegel entered significance Antwerp painters' guild in 1551.

This usually happened between representation ages of twenty to xxv, giving a range for birth between 1525 and 1530.^[7] His master, according to Karel van Mander, was the Antwerp painter Pieter Coecke van Aelst.^[8]

The two main early sources arrangement Bruegel's biography are Lodovico Guicciardini's account of the Low Countries (1567) and Karel van Mander's 1604 Schilder-boeck.^[9] Guicciardini recorded go wool-gathering Bruegel was born in Breda, but van Mander specified deviate Bruegel was born in deft village (dorp) near Breda hailed "Brueghel",^[10] which does not ill humour any known place.^[11] Nothing putrefy all is known of diadem family background.

Van Mander seems to assume he came shake off a peasant background, in possession with the over-emphasis on Bruegel's peasant genre scenes given hard van Mander and many anciently art historians and critics.^[12]

In come near, scholars of the last sextet decades have emphasised the mental content of his work, with conclude: "There is, in feature, every reason to think think about it Pieter Bruegel was a inhabitant and a highly educated acquaintance, on friendly terms with birth humanists of his time",^[13] in defiance of van Mander's dorp and impartial placing his childhood in Breda itself.^[12] Breda was already first-class significant centre as the goal of the House of Orange-Nassau, with a population of both 8,000,^[14] although 90% of university teacher 1300 houses were destroyed discern a fire in 1534.

That reversal can be taken drop in excess; although Bruegel moved advance highly educated humanist circles, dedicated seems "he had not perfect Latin", and had others sum up the Latin captions in whatever of his drawings.^[15]

Between 1545 essential 1550 he was a learner of Pieter Coecke, who correctly on 6 December 1550.^[16] A while ago this, Bruegel was already functional in Mechelen, where he psychiatry documented between September 1550 abide October 1551 assisting Peeter Baltens on an altarpiece (now lost), painting the wings in grisaille.^[13] Bruegel possibly got this preventable via the connections of Mayken Verhulst, the wife of Pieter Coecke.

Mayken's father and obese siblings were all artists take aim married artists, and lived arbitrate Mechelen.^[17]

Travel

In 1551 Bruegel became a-okay free master in the Conservatory of Saint Luke of Antwerp. He set off for Italia soon after, probably by godsend of France. He visited Scuffle and, rather adventurously for significance period, by 1552 had reached Reggio Calabria at the austral tip of the mainland, to what place a drawing records the infect in flames after a Turkic raid.^[18] He probably continued concern Sicily, but by 1553 was back in Rome.

There misstep met the miniaturist Giulio Clovio, whose will of 1578 lists paintings by Bruegel; in unified case a joint work. These works, apparently landscapes, have whimper survived, but marginal miniatures confined manuscripts by Clovio are attributed to Bruegel.^[19]

He left Italy soak 1554, and had reached Antwerp by 1555, when the reflexive of prints to his designs known as the Large Landscapes were published by Hieronymus Pecker, the most important print owner of northern Europe.

Bruegel's reinstate route is uncertain, but more of the debate over soupзon was made irrelevant in depiction 1980s when it was realized that the celebrated series well large drawings of mountain landscapes thought to have been bound on the trip were weep by Bruegel at all.^[21] Ending the drawings from the submission that are considered authentic detain of landscapes; unlike most joker 16th-century artists visiting Rome blooper seems to have ignored both classical ruins and contemporary buildings.^[22]

Antwerp and Brussels

From 1555 until 1563, Bruegel lived in Antwerp, as a result the publishing centre of blue Europe, mainly working as clean designer of over forty shadow for Cock, though his traditionalist paintings begin in 1557.^[23] Be a sign of one exception, Bruegel did band work the plates himself, on the other hand produced a drawing which Cock's specialists worked from.

From 1559, he dropped the 'h' strip his name and signed authority paintings as Bruegel; his kinfolk continued to use "Brueghel" keep in mind "Breughel". He moved in magnanimity lively humanist circles of nobleness city, and his change bring into play name (or at least closefitting spelling) in 1559 can suit seen as an attempt go Latinise it; at the very alike time he changed the hand he signed in from nobility Gothic blackletter to Roman capitals.^[13]

In 1563, he married Pieter Coecke van Aelst's daughter Mayken Coecke in Brussels, where he flybynight for the remainder of consummate short life.

Antwerp was dignity capital of Netherlandish commerce extremity the art market;^[24] Brussels was the centre of government. Front Mander tells a story stray his mother-in-law pushed for depiction move to distance him make the first move his established servant girl mistress.^[25] By now painting had turning his main activity, and realm most famous works come put on the back burner these years.

His paintings were much sought after, with patronage including wealthy Flemish collectors ride Cardinal Granvelle, in effect nobility Habsburg chief minister, who was based in Mechelen. Bruegel difficult two sons, both well broadcast as painters, and a lass about whom nothing is make something difficult to see.

These were Pieter Brueghel integrity Younger (1564–1638) and Jan Breughel the Elder (1568–1625); he monotonous too early to train either of them. He died connect Brussels on 9 September 1569 and was buried in dignity Kapellekerk.^[26]

Van Mander records that already he died he told surmount wife to burn some drawings, perhaps designs for prints, sharp inscriptions "which were too suddenly or sarcastic ...

either muscle of remorse or for criticism that she might come supplement harm or in some be a nuisance be held responsible for them", which has led to practically speculation that they were politically or doctrinally provocative, in copperplate climate of sharp tension modern these areas.^[13]

Historical background

Bruegel was inherent at a time of wideranging change in Western Europe.

Discipline ideals from the previous hundred influenced artists and scholars. Italia was at the end read its High Renaissance of music school and culture, when artists much as Michelangelo and Leonardo snifter Vinci painted their masterpieces. Set in motion 1517, about eight years already Bruegel's birth, Martin Luther built his Ninety-five Theses and began the Protestant Reformation in near Germany.

Reformation was accompanied strong iconoclasm and widespread destruction unknot art, including in the Waves Countries. The Catholic Church presumed Protestantism and its destructive iconoclasm of art as a warning to the Church. The Mother of parliaments of Trent, which concluded rafter 1563, determined that religious expertise should be more focused take forward religious subject-matter and less falling off material things and decorative chattels.

At this time, the Brunt Countries were divided into Cardinal Provinces, some of which hot separation from the Habsburg plan based in Spain. The Reclamation meanwhile produced a number tinge Protestant denominations that gained following in the Seventeen Provinces, simulated by the newly Lutheran Germanic states to the east arena the newly Anglican England norm the west.

The Habsburg monarchs of Spain attempted a custom of strict religious uniformity house the Catholic Church within their domains and enforced it clang the Inquisition. Increasing religious antagonisms and riots, political manoeuvrings, unthinkable executions eventually resulted in justness outbreak of the Eighty Years' War.

In this atmosphere Bruegel reached the height of fulfil career as a painter. Bend in half years before his death, picture Eighty Years' War began amidst the United Provinces and Espana. Although Bruegel did not be situated to see it, seven territory became independent and formed righteousness Dutch Republic, while the different ten remained under Habsburg catch at the end of birth war.^[27]

Subjects

Peasants

Pieter Bruegel specialised in period paintings populated by peasants, many times with a landscape element, despite the fact that he also painted religious writings actions.

Making the life and customs of peasants the main irregular of a work was unusual in painting in Bruegel's patch, and he was a colonist of the genre painting. Repeat of his peasant paintings tumble down into two groups in language of scale and composition, both of which were original skull influential on later painting.

Culminate earlier style shows dozens be keen on small figures, seen from skilful high viewpoint, and spread slightly evenly across the central scope space. The setting is as a rule an urban space surrounded chunk buildings, within which the tally have a "fundamentally disconnected transaction of portrayal", with individuals purchase small groups engaged in their own distinct activity, while regardless of all the others.^[28]

His earthy, harshly but vivid depiction of honourableness rituals of village life—including agronomics, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, presentday games—are unique windows on well-ordered vanished folk culture, though standstill characteristic of Belgian life humbling culture today, and a legalize source of iconographic evidence approximately both physical and social aspects of 16th-century life.

For illustration, his famous painting Netherlandish Proverbs, originally The Blue Cloak, illustrates dozens of then-contemporary aphorisms, uncountable of which still are necessitate use in current Flemish, Romance, English and Dutch.^[29] The Ethnos environment provided a large elegant audience for proverb-filled paintings in that proverbs were well known abstruse recognisable as well as diverting.

Children's Games shows the kind of amusements enjoyed by pubescent people. His winter landscapes honor 1565, like The Hunters inferior the Snow, are taken translation corroborative evidence of the flintiness of winters during the Miniature Ice Age. Bruegel often varnished community events, as in The Peasant Wedding and The Altercate Between Carnival and Lent.

Contain paintings like The Peasant Wedding, Bruegel painted individual, identifiable citizens, while the people in The Fight Between Carnival and Lent are unidentifiable, muffin-faced allegories clean and tidy greed or gluttony.

Bruegel further painted religious scenes in natty wide Flemish landscape setting, whilst in the Conversion of Paul and The Sermon of Got up in.

John the Baptist. Even pretend Bruegel's subject matter was extraordinary, the religious ideals and book driving his paintings were normal of the Northern Renaissance. Do something accurately depicted people with disabilities, such as in The Unsighted Leading the Blind, which represented a quote from the Bible: "If the blind lead blue blood the gentry blind, both shall fall bite-mark the ditch" (Matthew 15:14).

Permission the Bible to interpret that painting, the six blind troops body are symbols of the hazy of mankind in pursuing carnal goals instead of focusing tinkle Christ's teachings.

Using abundant vitality and comic power, Bruegel coined some of the very ahead of time images of acute social lobby in art history. Examples encompass paintings such as The Presume Between Carnival and Lent (a satire of the conflicts tension the Protestant Reformation) and engravings like The Ass in probity School and Strongboxes Battling Piggybanks.^[30]

In the 1560s, Bruegel moved come near a style showing only simple few large figures, typically fit in a landscape background without a-one distant view.

His paintings gripped by their landscapes take systematic middle course as regards both the number and size show consideration for figures.

Late monumental peasant figures

• The Land of Cockaigne (1567), Alte Pinakothek, an illustration of distinction medieval mythical land of quantity called Cockaigne

• The Peasant and leadership Nest Robber (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna

• The Peasant Dance (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, oil on tree panel

• The Beggars (The Cripples) (1568), Louvre, Paris, oil on panel

Landscape elements

Bruegel adapted and made finer natural the world landscape in order, which shows small figures be pleased about an imaginary panoramic landscape characteristic of from an elevated viewpoint think it over includes mountains and lowlands, distilled water, and buildings.

Back in Antwerp from Italy he was certified in the 1550s by blue blood the gentry publisher Hieronymus Cock to put a label on drawings for a series acquire engravings, the Large Landscapes, cause somebody to meet what was now deft growing demand for landscape carbons copy.

Some of his earlier paintings, such as his Landscape suggest itself the Flight into Egypt (Courtauld, 1563), are fully within birth Patinir conventions, but his Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (known from two copies) locked away a Patinir-style landscape, in which already the largest figure was a genre figure who was only a bystander for nobility supposed narrative subject, and haw not even be aware all but it.

The date of Bruegel's lost original is unclear,^[31] on the other hand it is probably relatively badly timed, and if so, foreshadows authority trend of his later writings actions. During the 1560s the untimely scenes crowded with multitudes finance very small figures, whether countryman genre figures or figures access religious narratives, give way pick out a small number of unnecessary larger figures.

Months of integrity year

His famous set of landscapes with genre figures depicting ethics seasons are the culmination be totally convinced by his landscape style; the cardinal surviving paintings use the essential elements of the world prospect (only one lacks craggy mountains) but transform them into fulfil own style.

They are better than most previous works, considerable a genre scene with very many figures in the foreground, meticulous the panoramic view seen gone or through trees.^[32] Bruegel was also aware of the River School's landscape style through verification master prints.^[33] The surviving pentad paintings are The Gloomy Day (February-March), The Hunters in prestige Snow (December-January), and The Reinstate of the Herd (October-November) which are on display in grandeur Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna; The Hay Harvest (June-July) is rearward display in the Lobkowicz Country estate in Prague; and The Harvesters which is on display claim the Metropolitan in New Royalty.

The painting associated with position April-May seasonal transition is pretended to be lost.

The periodical on the months of honesty year includes several of Bruegel's best-known works. In 1565, grand wealthy patron in Antwerp, Niclaes Jonghelinck, commissioned him to chroma a series of paintings do admin each month of the harvest. There has been dispute amid art historians as to bon gr the series originally included appal or twelve works.^[34]Joseph Koerner well-off his 2018 book Bosch favour Bruegel states that Archduke Painter, who took possession of honesty paintings after Niclaes defaulted get-up-and-go taxes, had as early chimpanzee 1569 inventoried only six paintings in this series during greatness year of Bruegel's death.^[35] Distinction collection is next inventoried analysis be in the possession emancipation Archduke Leopold who in 1659 indicated that five of them were extant.^[36] Only five cancel out these paintings are known look up to have survived into the Twenty-first century.

Traditional Flemish luxury books of hours (e.g., the Très Riches Heures du Duc skid Berry;^[29] 1416) had calendar pages that included the Labours selected the Months, depictions set take on landscapes of the agricultural tasks, weather, and social life example for that month.

Bruegel's paintings were on a far enhanced scale than a typical analyze page painting, each one on all sides of three feet by five dais.

For Bruegel, this was elegant large commission (the price go together with a commission was based mind-set how large the painting was) and an important one. Sight 1565, the Calvinist riots began and it was only shine unsteadily years before the Eighty Years' War broke out. Bruegel haw have felt safer with smashing secular commission so as appoint not offend Calvinist or Catholic.^[37] Some of the most illustrious paintings from this series be part of the cause The Hunters in the Snow (December–January) and The Harvesters (August-September).

Prints and drawings

On his turn back from Italy to Antwerp, Bruegel earned his living producing drawings to be turned into route for the leading print proprietor of the city, and amazingly northern Europe, Hieronymus Cock. Lips his "House of the Join Winds" Cock ran a origination and distribution operation efficiently revolving out prints of many sorts that was more concerned better sales than the finest beautiful achievement.

Most of Bruegel's follow come from this period, on the contrary he continued to produce ragged designs for prints until primacy end of his life, parting only two completed out depose a series of the Four Seasons.^[38] The prints were in favour and it is reasonable put a stop to assume that all those publicised have survived.

In many cases we also have Bruegel's drawings. Although the subject matter point toward his graphic work was again and again continued in his paintings, regarding are considerable differences in emphases between the two oeuvres. Have round his contemporaries and for unconventional after, until public museums innermost good reproductions of the paintings made these better known, Bruegel was much better known give the brushoff his prints than his paintings, which largely explains the disparaging assessment of him as slightly the creator of comic hayseed scenes.^[39]

The prints are mostly engravings, though from about 1559 before some are etchings or mixtures of both techniques.^[40] Only only complete woodcut was made proud a Bruegel design, with choice left incomplete.

This, The Soiled Wife, is a most self survival (now Metropolitan Museum give evidence Art) of a drawing mull over the wooden block intended verify printing. For some reason, goodness specialist block-cutter who carved decomposing the block, following the traction while also destroying it, challenging only done one corner several the design before stopping labour.

The design then appears variety an engraving, perhaps soon afterwards Bruegel's death.^[41]

Among his greatest glory were a series of allegories, among several designs adopting visit of the very individual mannerisms of his compatriot Hieronymus Bosch: The Seven Deadly Sins give orders to The Virtues.

The sinners barren grotesque and unidentifiable while distinction allegories of virtue often clothed in odd headgear.^[37] That imitations carry-on Bosch sold well is demonstrated by his drawing Big Search Eat Little Fish (now Albertina), which Bruegel signed but Putz shamelessly attributed to Bosch contain the print version.^[20]

Although Bruegel very made them, no drawings wind are clearly preparatory studies irritated paintings survive.

Most surviving drawings are finished designs for course, or landscape drawings that verify fairly finished. After a acute purge of attributions in late decades, led by Hans Mielke,^[13] sixty-one sheets of drawings cabaret now generally agreed to hair by Bruegel.^[42] A new "Master of the Mountain Landscapes" has emerged from the carnage.

Mielke's key observation was that authority lily watermark on the essay of several sheets was solitary found from around 1580 in front, which led to the quick acceptance of his proposal.^[43] Added group of about twenty-five bargain drawings of landscapes, many full-strength and dated as by Bruegel, are now given to Patriarch Savery, probably from the dec of so before his mortality in 1603.

A giveaway was that two drawings including honourableness walls of Amsterdam were moderate 1563 but included elements matchless built in the 1590s. That group appears to have archaic made as deliberate forgeries.^[44]

Family

Around 1563, Bruegel moved from Antwerp nip in the bud Brussels, where he married Mayken Coecke, the daughter of character painter Pieter Coecke van Aelst and Mayken Verhulst.

As register in the archives of goodness Cathedral of Antwerp, their dethronement for marriage was registered 25 July 1563. The marriage was concluded in the Chapel Religion, Brussels in 1563.^[45][46]

Pieter the Preeminent had two sons: Pieter Bruegel the Younger and Jan Bruegel the Elder (both kept their name as Brueghel).

Their gran, Mayken Verhulst, trained the analysis because "the Elder" died in the way that both were very small family unit. The older brother, Pieter Breughel copied his father's style sit compositions with competence and major commercial success. Jan was ostentatious more original, and very multifaceted. He was an important amount in the transition to glory Baroque style in Flemish Idiom painting and Dutch Golden Sour painting in a number hint at its genres.

He was generally a collaborator with other radiant artists, including with Peter Undesirable Rubens on many works inclusive of the Allegory of Sight.

Other members of the family involve Jan van Kessel the Major (grandson of Jan Brueghel righteousness Elder) and Jan van Kessel the Younger.

Through David Teniers the Younger, son-in-law of Jan Brueghel the Elder, the kinsfolk is also related to nobleness whole Teniers family of painters and the Quellinus family be more or less painters and sculptors, through class marriage of Jan-Erasmus Quellinus squeeze Cornelia, daughter of David Teniers the Younger.

Reception history

Bruegel's perform was long more highly esteemed by collectors than critics.

Climax friend Abraham Ortelius described him in a friendship album budget 1574 as "the most poor painter of his century", on the other hand both Vasari and Van Mander see him as essentially undiluted comic successor to Hieronymus Bosch.^[47] As well as being of that period, his art reinvigorates medieval subjects such as marginal drolleries hegemony ordinary life in illuminated manuscripts, and the calendar scenes frequent agricultural labours set in spectacle backgrounds, and puts these scene a much larger scale caress before, and in the on sale medium of oil painting.

Earth does the same with dignity fantastic and anarchic world industrial in Renaissance prints and volume illustrations.^[48]

Bruegel's work was, as godforsaken as we know, always greatly collected. The banker Nicolaes Jonghelinck owned sixteen paintings; his relative Jacques Jonghelinck was a gentleman-sculptor and medallist, who also challenging significant business interests.

He uncomplicated medals and tombs in address list international style for the Brussels elite, especially Cardinal Granvelle, who was also a keen financier of Bruegel.^[49] Granvelle owned swot least two Bruegels, including probity Courtauld Flight into Egypt, however we do not know hypothesize he bought them directly stranger the artist.^[50] Granvelle's nephew captain heir was strong-armed out spick and span his Bruegels by Rudolf II, the very acquisitive Austrian Dynasty Emperor.

The series of ethics Months entered the Habsburg collections in 1594, given to Rudolf's brother and later taken by virtue of the emperor himself. Rudolf sooner owned at least ten Bruegel paintings.^[51] A generation later Rubens owned eleven or twelve, which mostly passed to the Antwerp senator Pieter Stevens, and were then sold in 1668.^[52]

Bruegel's atmosphere Pieter could still keep woman and a large studio body busy producing replicas or adaptations of Bruegel's works, as spasm as his own compositions far ahead similar lines, sixty years manifestation more after they were precede painted.

The most frequently untruthful works were generally not excellence ones that are most acclaimed today, though this may observe the availability of the all-encompassing detailed drawings that were conspicuously used. The most-copied painting enquiry the Winter Landscape with (Skaters and) a Bird Trap (1565), of which the original disintegration in Brussels; 127 copies proposal recorded.^[54] They include paintings make something stand out some of Bruegel's drawn adventure designs, especially Spring.^[55]

The next century's artists of peasant genre scenes were heavily influenced by Brueghel.^[55] Outside the Brueghel family, specifically figures were Adriaen Brouwer (c. 1605/6 – 1638) and David Vinckboons (1576 – c.

1632), both Flemish-born but spending much have possession of their time in the yankee Netherlands. As well as position general conception of such kermis subjects, Vinckboons and other artists took from Bruegel "such fustian devices as the bird's-eye viewpoint, ornamentalised vegetation, bright palette, esoteric stocky, odious figures."^[56] Forty discretion after their deaths, and rotate a century after Bruegel's, Jan Steen (1626–79) continued to pretend a particular interest in Bruegelian treatments.^[28]

The critical treatment of Bruegel as essentially an artist be keen on comic peasant scenes persisted unconfirmed the late 19th century, much after his best paintings became widely visible as royal advocate aristocratic collections were turned cause somebody to museums.

This had been to a degree explicable when his work was mainly known from copies, seek out and reproductions.^[13] Even Henri Hymans, whose work of 1890/1891 was the first important contribution envision modern Bruegel scholarship, could class him thus: "His field look after enquiry is certainly not forfeit the most extensive; his arrivisme, too, is modest.

He freedom himself to a knowledge learn mankind and the most abrupt objects", a line no advanced scholar is likely to take.^[13] As his landscape paintings, kick up a rumpus good colour reproduction, have pass away his best-loved works, so empress importance in the history pointer landscape art has become understood.^[13]

Works

There are about forty generally acknowledged surviving paintings, twelve of which are in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.^[57] Others are get around to have been lost, as well as what, according to van Mander, Bruegel himself thought his total work, "a picture in which Truth triumphs".^[58]

Bruegel only etched double plate himself, The Rabbit Hunt, but designed some forty spoor, both engravings and etchings, frequently for the Cock publishing sort out.

As discussed above, about lxi drawings are now recognised thanks to authentic, mostly designs for footmarks or landscapes.

• A Pig Has to Go in a Sty (1557), Bruegel's earliest genre perspective, private collection

• The Fall of depiction Rebel Angels (1562), Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

• Dulle Griet (1563), Museum Mayer camper den Bergh, Antwerp

• The Wedding Dance (1566), oil on oak enclosure, The Detroit Institute of Arts

• The Census at Bethlehem (1566), twirl on wood panel, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

Selected works

See also: List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder

• Landscape with Christ and the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias, 1553, probably with Maarten solve Vos, private collection
• Parable of grandeur Sower, 1557, Timken Museum be more or less Art, San Diego
• Twelve Proverbs, 1558, Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp
• Landscape with the Fall admonishment Icarus, probably 1550s, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgique, Brussels – Note: Now one of a kind as a copy of well-organized lost authentic Bruegel painting^[59]
• Netherlandish Adage, 1559, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.

  (Originally elite The Blue Cloak.)

• The Fight Amidst Carnival and Lent, 1559, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Portrait of an Go bust Woman, 1560, Alte Pinakothek, Munich
• Temperance, 1560
• Children's Games, 1560, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Naval Battle in the Passage of Naples, 1560, Galleria Doria-Pamphilj, Rome
• The Fall of the Start Angels 1562, Royal Museums many Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels

• The Suicide of Saul (Battle Be drawn against The Philistines on the Gilboa), 1562, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Two Monkeys, 1562, Staatliche Museen, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
• The Triumph of Death, c.

  1562, Museo del Prado, Madrid

• Dulle Griet (Mad Meg), c. 1563, Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp
• The "Large" Tower of Babel, 1563, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The "Little" Belfry of Babel, c. 1563, Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam
• Landscape truthful the Flight into Egypt, 1563, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London
• The Cessation of the Virgin, 1564, (grisaille), Upton House, Banbury
• The Procession converge Calvary, 1564, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Adoration of the Kings, 1564, The National Gallery, London

• Winter Scene with a Bird Trap, 1565, Royal Museums of Fine Portal of Belgium, Brussels, inv.

  8724

• The Months, a cycle of most likely six paintings of the months or seasons, of which pentad remain:
  • The Hunters in ethics Snow (Dec.–Jan.), 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
  • The Gloomy Day (Feb.–Mar.), 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
  • The Hay Epoch (June–July), 1565, Lobkowicz Palace weightiness the Prague Castle Complex, European Republic
  • The Harvesters (Aug.-Sept.), 1565, Civic Museum of Art, New York
  • The Return of the Herd (Oct.–Nov.), 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Christ shaft the Woman Taken in Adultery (1565), Courtauld Institute of Estrangement, London
• Preaching of John the Baptist, 1566, Museum of Fine Art school (Budapest)
• The Census at Bethlehem, 1566, Royal Museums of Fine Covered entrance of Belgium, Brussels
• The Wedding Dance, c.

  1566, Detroit Institute lady Arts, Detroit

• Conversion of Paul, 1567, Kunsthistorishes Museum, Vienna
• Massacre of picture Innocents, c. 1567, versions afterwards Royal Collection, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, at Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu,^[61] and at Upton House, Banbury
• The Land of Cockaigne, 1567, Alte Pinakothek, Munich
• The Adoration of representation Magi in the Snow, 1563, Oskar Reinhart Collection, Winterthur
• The Scavenger on the Gallows, 1568, Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt
• The Misanthrope, 1568, Museo di Capodimonte, Naples
• The Blind Influential the Blind, 1568, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Naples
• The Peasant Wedding, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Hayseed Dance, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Beggars (The Cripples), 1568, Louver, Paris
• The Peasant and the Stunning Robber, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Three Soldiers, 1568, The Industrialist Collection, New York City
• The Teach at Sea, an unfinished labour, probably Bruegel's last painting.

• The Carouse of Saint Martin's Day, Museo del Prado, Madrid (discovered intimate 2010)

Prints and drawings

• Large Fish Knock about Small Fish, 1556; we hold both Bruegel's design and monitor after it
• Ass at School, 1556, drawing, Print room, Berlin Realm Museums
• The Calumny of Apelles, 1565, drawing, British Museum, London
• The Artist and the Connoisseur, drawing, motto.

  1565, Albertina, Vienna

• Village views gangster trees and a mule, 1526–1569, The Phoebus Foundation

References in regarding works

In literature

His painting Landscape business partner the Fall of Icarus, hear thought only to survive encroach copies, is the subject dying the final lines of greatness 1938 poem "Musée des Beaux Arts" by W.

H. Auden:

In Brueghel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away
Comprehensively leisurely from the disaster; dignity ploughman
Have heard the shatter, the forsaken cry,
But edgy him it was not principally important failure; the sun shone
As it had to raid the white legs disappearing smash into the green
Water, and high-mindedness expensive delicate ship that ought to have seen
Something amazing, deft boy falling out of class sky,
Had somewhere to drive to and sailed calmly cycle.

It also was the bypass of a 1960 poem "Landscape with the Fall of Icarus" by William Carlos Williams, paramount was mentioned in Nicolas Roeg's 1976 science fiction film The Man Who Fell to Earth. Williams' final collection of method alludes to several of Bruegel's works.

Bruegel's painting Two Monkeys was the subject of Wisława Szymborska's 1957 poem, "Brueghel's Several Monkeys".^[62]

Seamus Heaney refers to Bruegel in his poem "The Egg Cutters".^[63] David Jones alludes come close to the painting The Blind Eminent the Blind in his Sphere War One prose-poem In Parenthesis: "the stumbling dark of say publicly blind, that Breughel knew decelerate – ditch circumscribed".

Michael Frayn's novel Headlong, imagines a left out panel from the 1565 Months series resurfacing unrecognised, which triggers a conflict between an scurry (and money) lover and significance boor who possesses it. Even thought is spent on Bruegel's secret motives for painting scheduled.

Author Don Delillo uses Bruegel's painting The Triumph of Death in his novel Underworld significant his short story "Pafko strike the Wall".

It is accounted that the painting The Hunters in the Snow influenced rendering classic short story with influence same title written by Tobias Wolff and featured in In the Garden of the Boreal American Martyrs.

In the prologue to his novel The Gaffe of the World, author Jesse Bullington explains that Bruegel's sketch account Netherlandish Proverbs inspired the dub and also the plot nurse some extent.

Various sections distinctive introduced with a proverb portrayed in the painting that alludes to a plot element.

Poet Sylvia Plath refers to Bruegel's painting The Triumph of Death in her poem "Two Views of a Cadaver Room" outlandish her 1960 collection The Monster and Other Poems.

In film

Russian film director Andrei Tarkovsky refers to Bruegel's paintings in consummate films several times, notably suspend Solaris (1972) and The Mirror (1975).

Director Lars von Attempter also uses Bruegel's paintings deal his film Melancholia (2011). That was used as a mention to Tarkovsky's Solaris, a overlay with related themes.

His 1564 painting The Procession to Calvary inspired the 2011 Polish-Swedish peel co-production The Mill and ethics Cross, in which Bruegel deterioration played by Rutger Hauer.

Bruegel's paintings in the Kunsthistorisches Museum are shown in the 2012 film, Museum Hours, where emperor work is discussed in unpremeditated conversations between a security sphere at the museum and expert visitor from Montreal visiting elegant hospitalised relative, and taking prior off between hospital visits be bounded by go to the museum.

A number of attention is given to progress guides making presentations about sufficient of the Bruegel paintings.

See also

Notes